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During the rule of the East India Company, farmers in India faced numerous challenges that led to a life of misery and frustration. Here are two key reasons for their plight:
1. **Heavy Taxation and Revenue Policies**: The East India Company implemented exploitative revenue policies that heavily burdened Indian farmers. The most infamous of these policies was the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793 in Bengal, which fixed the land revenue demand in perpetuity. Under this system, farmers were required to pay a fixed amount of revenue regardless of fluctuations in agricultural productivity or income. This placed an immense financial strain on farmers, especially during periods of crop failure or economic downturns. Additionally, the revenue demand was often set at exorbitant levels, leading to widespread indebtedness among farmers who were unable to meet their tax obligations. As a result, many farmers lost their land to moneylenders or faced severe economic hardships, contributing to their misery and frustration.
2. **Exploitative Land Tenure System**: The East India Company introduced various land tenure systems that further exacerbated the plight of Indian farmers. One such system was the Zamindari system, implemented in many parts of India, where intermediaries known as Zamindars were granted control over large tracts of land by the British authorities. These Zamindars extracted exorbitant rents from tenant farmers, often through exploitative practices such as arbitrary rent hikes, forced labor, and unfair land assessments. Tenant farmers, who comprised the majority of the agricultural workforce, were left with meager incomes after paying rents, making it difficult for them to make ends meet. Additionally, the lack of land ownership rights for tenant farmers left them vulnerable to exploitation and eviction, further perpetuating their cycle of poverty and frustration.
Overall, the combination of heavy taxation, exploitative revenue policies, and unjust land tenure systems imposed by the East India Company subjected Indian farmers to immense hardship, leading to a life of misery and frustration for many.
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Hey! During the rule of the East India Company, farmers faced numerous challenges that led to a life of misery and frustration. Two significant reasons were exploitative land revenue policies and the introduction of cash crops. The East India Company imposed high land taxes on farmers, which often exceeded their income, causing financial distress. Additionally, the company encouraged the cultivation of cash crops like indigo and opium, diverting resources and manpower from food production. This resulted in food shortages and increased dependence on expensive imported goods. It's unfortunate how these policies impacted the lives of farmers.