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Answer:

(a) Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA:

☆ Plasmid DNA:

  • Found in bacteria and some other organisms as small, circular DNA molecules.
  • Typically exist in multiple copies per cell.
  • Often carry accessory genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes, and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA.

☆ Chromosomal DNA:

  • Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells.
  • Forms linear structures and contains the majority of the organism's genetic material.
  • Essential for cellular functions and inheritance of traits.

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(b) RNA and DNA:

☆ RNA:

  • Ribonucleic acid, single-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
  • Contains ribose sugar and uracil (U) instead of deoxyribose sugar and thymine (T).
  • Involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as a genetic material in some viruses.

☆ DNA:

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule.
  • Contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine (T).
  • Carries the genetic information of an organism and is essential for inheritance, gene expression, and replication.

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(c) Exonuclease and Endonuclease:

☆ Exonuclease:

  • Enzyme that cleaves nucleotides from the ends of DNA or RNA molecules.
  • Can work from either the 5' end (5' exonuclease) or the 3' end (3' exonuclease).
  • Involved in DNA repair, proofreading during DNA replication, and RNA processing.

☆ Endonuclease:

  • Enzyme that cleaves nucleic acid molecules at specific internal sites.
  • Recognizes and cuts the nucleic acid sequence at specific target sites.
  • Used in various molecular biology techniques, such as restriction enzymes in DNA manipulation and CRISPR-Cas systems in genome editing.

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