Explanation:
**(a)** The 'latent heat of vaporization of a liquid' is the amount of heat required to convert one kilogram of the liquid into vapor without a temperature change. The latent heat of vaporization of water is **2260 kJ/kg**.
**(b)** Unfortunately, I can't draw diagrams, but I can describe the setup: You'd have a calorimeter filled with water, a thermometer to measure temperature, a stirrer, and a heating element like an immersion heater.
**3. (a)** Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase. Two substances that undergo sublimation are **iodine** and **dry ice (solid carbon dioxide)**.
**(b)** Again, I can't draw, but for demonstrating sublimation of ammonium chloride, you'd typically have a setup with a tripod stand, wire gauze, a china dish with ammonium chloride, and an inverted funnel with a cotton plug at the stem.
**4. (a)** The physical states of matter can be changed by **temperature** and **pressure**.
**(b)** The 'states of matter triangle' shows solid, liquid, and gas at the corners with arrows indicating melting/freezing, vaporization/condensation, and sublimation/deposition as the processes connecting them.
**(c)** Evaporation can be made faster by increasing the **surface area**, increasing the **temperature**, reducing the **humidity**, and creating **airflow** over the liquid's surface.
**5. (a)** Evaporation is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change into the gaseous state. Factors affecting evaporation include **surface area**, **temperature**, **humidity**, and **wind speed**.
**(b)** Evaporation cools a liquid because when molecules with higher kinetic energy escape as gas, it lowers the average kinetic energy of the remaining liquid molecules, which decreases temperature.
